Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Home / Chances of a Baby Surving Having Been Shaken

Chances of a Baby Surving Having Been Shaken

Post a Comment

Medical condition

Shaken infant syndrome
Other names abusive head trauma, not adventitious head injury
CTheatInfantAbusiveheadtrauma.png
An intraparenchymal bleed with overlying skull fracture from shaken babe syndrome
Symptoms Variable[1]
Complications Seizures, visual impairment, cognitive palsy, cognitive impairment[2] [1]
Usual onset Less than 5 years old[3]
Causes Blunt trauma, vigorous shaking[1]
Diagnostic method CT scan[ane]
Prevention Educating new parents[1]
Prognosis Long term health problems common[3]
Frequency 3 per 10,000 babies per year (US)[1]
Deaths ≈25% run a risk of death[three]

Shaken infant syndrome (SBS), also known as abusive head trauma (AHT), is the leading crusade of fatal caput injuries in children younger than ii years.[4] In that location is no controversy regarding the medical validity of AHT.[4] However, the courtroom has become a forum for speculative theories that cannot be reconciled with mostly accepted medical literature.[4] Often there are no visible signs of trauma.[1] Complications include seizures, visual harm, cerebral palsy, cognitive damage and expiry.[2] [1]

The crusade may be edgeless trauma, vigorous shaking, or a combination of both.[1] Often this occurs as a result of a caregiver becoming frustrated due to the child crying.[3] Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms may be nonspecific.[one] A CT scan of the head is typically recommended if a concern is present.[1] If there are concerning findings on the CT scan, a total piece of work-up for kid abuse should occur, including an center exam and skeletal survey. Retinal hemorrhage is highly associated with AHT, occurring in 78% of cases of AHT versus 5% of cases of not-abusive head trauma.[5] See child abuse.[six]

Educating new parents appears to exist beneficial in decreasing rates of the status.[one] Treatment occasionally requires surgery, such every bit to place a cerebral shunt.[1] SBS is estimated to occur in iii to 4 per 10,000 babies a year.[1] It occurs nigh frequently in those less than five years of age.[3] The risk of expiry is near 25%.[3] The diagnosis include retinal bleeds, multiple fractures of the long bones, and subdural hematomas (haemorrhage in the brain).[7] These signs have evolved through the years as the accepted and recognized signs of child abuse. Medical professionals strongly suspect shaking as the cause of injuries when a young kid presents with retinal bleed, fractures, soft tissue injuries or subdural hematoma, that cannot be explained by adventitious trauma or other medical weather condition.[8]

Retinal hemorrhage (bleeding) occurs in around 85% of SBS cases and the severity of retinal hemorrhage correlates with severity of head injury.[5] The type of retinal bleeds are oft believed to be particularly characteristic of this condition, making the finding useful in establishing the diagnosis.[nine]

Fractures of the vertebrae, long bones, and ribs may also be associated with SBS.[ten] Dr. John Caffey reported in 1972 that metaphyseal avulsions (modest fragments of bone torn off where the periosteum covering the bone and the cortical bone are tightly spring together) and "bones on both the proximal and distal sides of a single articulation are afflicted, especially at the articulatio genus".[11]

Infants may brandish irritability, failure to thrive, alterations in eating patterns, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, bulging or tense fontanels (the soft spots on a baby'south head), increased size of the caput, altered breathing, and dilated pupils.

Risk factors [edit]

Caregivers that are at adventure for condign abusive ofttimes accept unrealistic expectations of the kid and may display "role reversal", expecting the kid to fulfill the needs of the caregiver.[12] Substance abuse and emotional stress, resulting for example from financial troubles, are other risk factors for aggression and impulsiveness in caregivers.[12] Both males and females tin can cause SBS.[12] Although it had been previously speculated that SBS was an isolated event, evidence of prior child abuse is a common finding.[12] In an estimated 33–40% of cases, evidence of prior caput injuries, such as old intracranial bleeds, is present.[12]

Mechanism [edit]

Effects of SBS are thought to be diffuse axonal injury, oxygen impecuniousness and swelling of the encephalon,[thirteen] which can raise force per unit area inside the skull and damage delicate brain tissue, although witnessed shaking events have non lead to such injuries.

Traumatic shaking occurs when a child is shaken in such a way that its head is flung backwards and forwards.[xiv] In 1971, Guthkelch, a neurosurgeon, hypothesized that such shaking can result in a subdural hematoma, in the absenteeism of any detectable external signs of injury to the skull.[14] The article describes two cases in which the parents admitted that for various reasons they had shaken the child before it became sick.[14] Moreover, one of the babies had retinal hemorrhages.[14] The association betwixt traumatic shaking, subdural hematoma and retinal hemorrhages was described in 1972 and referred to every bit whiplash shaken infant syndrome.[xiv] The injuries were believed to occur considering shaking the child subjected the head to acceleration–deceleration and rotational forces.[14]

Force [edit]

There has been controversy regarding the amount of force required to produce the brain damage seen in SBS. There is wide understanding, even amongst skeptics, that shaking of a baby is dangerous and can exist fatal.[15] [16] [17]

A biomechanical assay published in 2005 reported that "forceful shaking can severely injure or impale an babe, this is because the cervical spine would be severely injured and not because subdural hematomas would exist acquired past high head rotational accelerations... an infant head subjected to the levels of rotational velocity and dispatch called for in the SBS literature, would feel forces on the infant cervix far exceeding the limits for structural failure of the cervical spine. Furthermore, shaking cervical spine injury tin occur at much lower levels of head velocity and acceleration than those reported for SBS."[xviii] Other authors were critical of the mathematical analysis by Bandak, citing concerns about the calculations the author used concluding "In lite of the numerical errors in Bandak's neck strength estimations, we question the resolute tenor of Bandak'southward conclusions that cervix injuries would occur in all shaking events."[19] Other authors critical of the model proposed by Bandak last "the mechanical analogue proposed in the paper may not be entirely appropriate when used to model the motion of the head and neck of infants when a baby is shaken."[20] Bandak responded to the criticism in a letter to the editor published in Forensic Science International in February 2006.[21]

Diagnosis [edit]

Diagnosis tin be difficult equally symptoms may be nonspecific.[i] A CT scan of the head is typically recommended if a concern is present.[1] It is unclear how useful subdural haematoma, retinal hemorrhages, and encephalopathy are lonely at making the diagnosis.[22]

  • A skull fracture from abusive head trauma in an infant

  • 3D CT reconstruction showing a skull fracture in an baby

  • 3D CT reconstruction showing a skull fracture in an baby

Triad [edit]

While the findings of SBS are complex and many,[23] they are frequently incorrectly referred to as a "triad" for legal proceedings; distilled down to retinal hemorrhages, subdural hematomas, and encephalopathy.[24]

SBS may be misdiagnosed, underdiagnosed, and overdiagnosed,[25] and caregivers may lie or be unaware of the mechanism of injury.[12] Usually, there are no externally visible signs of the status.[12] Test by an experienced ophthalmologist is disquisitional in diagnosing shaken baby syndrome, equally particular forms of ocular haemorrhage are strongly associated with AHT[26] Magnetic resonance imaging may also depict retinal hemorrhaging[27] merely is much less sensitive than an middle test. Conditions that are oft excluded by clinicians include hydrocephalus, sudden babe death syndrome (SIDS), seizure disorders, and infectious or built diseases like meningitis and metabolic disorders.[28] [29] CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging are used to diagnose the condition.[12] Conditions that often accompany SBS/AHT include classic patterns of skeletal fracturing (rib fractures, corner fractures), injury to the cervical spine (in the cervix), retinal hemorrhage, cerebral drain or atrophy, hydrocephalus, and papilledema (swelling of the optic disc).[13]

The terms non-accidental head injury or inflicted traumatic brain injury have been used in identify of "abusive head trauma" or "SBS".[30]

Classification [edit]

The term abusive head trauma (AHT) is preferred as it meliorate represents the broader potential causes.

The US Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention identifies SBS as "an injury to the skull or intracranial contents of an infant or immature child (< 5 years of age) due to inflicted edgeless impact and/or vehement shaking".[31] In 2009, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended the use of the term AHT to replace SBS, in part to differentiate injuries arising solely from shaking and injuries arising from shaking as well equally trauma to the head.[32]

The Crown Prosecution Service for England and Wales recommended in 2011 that the term shaken baby syndrome be avoided and the term non accidental head injury (NAHI) be used instead.[33]

Controversy [edit]

Efforts to create dubiety most AHT include the deliberate mischaracterization and replacement of the complex and multifaceted diagnostic procedure by a near mechanical determination based on the "triad" — the findings of subdural hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage and encephalopathy.[34] This critique has been sensationalized in the mass media in an try to create the appearance of a "medical controversy" where in that location is none.[35] The straw man "triad" statement ignores the fact that the AHT diagnosis typically is made but afterwards careful consideration of all historical, clinical and laboratory findings as well equally radiologic investigations past the collaboration of a multidisciplinary squad.[iv]

Differential diagnosis [edit]

Vitamin C deficiency [edit]

Some authors accept suggested that certain cases of suspected shaken baby syndrome may result from vitamin C deficiency.[36] [37] [38] This contested hypothesis is based upon a speculated marginal, near scorbutic condition or lack of essential nutrient(s) repletion and a potential elevated histamine level. However, symptoms consistent with increased histamine levels, such as low blood pressure and allergic symptoms, are not commonly associated with scurvy equally clinically significant vitamin C deficiency. A literature review of this hypothesis in the journal Pediatrics International ended the post-obit: "From the available data in the literature, concluded that there was no convincing show to conclude that vitamin C deficiency tin be considered to be a crusade of shaken infant syndrome."[39]

The proponents of such hypotheses ofttimes question the adequacy of nutrient tissue levels, especially vitamin C,[40] [41] for those children currently or recently sick, bacterial infections, those with higher individual requirements, those suffering from environmental challenges (e.yard. allergies), and perhaps transient vaccination-related stresses.[42] At the time of this writing, infantile scurvy in the U.s. is practically nonexistent.[43] No cases of scurvy mimicking SBS or sudden infant death syndrome have been reported, and scurvy typically occurs later on in infancy, rarely causes death or intracranial haemorrhage, and is accompanied by other changes of the bones and peel and invariably an unusually deficient dietary history.[44] [45]

In 1 report vaccination was shown not associated with retinal hemorrhages.[46]

Gestational bug [edit]

Gestational bug affecting both mother and fetus, the birthing process, prematurity and nutritional deficits can accelerate skeletal and hemorrhagic pathologies that can also mimic SBS, even before birth.[47] [48] [49] [50] [ verification needed ]

Prevention [edit]

Interventions by neonatal nurses including giving parents information most calumniating caput trauma, normal infant crying and reasons for crying, teaching how to calm an baby, and how to cope if the baby was inconsolable may reduce rates of SBS.[51]

Handling [edit]

Treatment involves monitoring intracranial pressure (the pressure within the skull), draining fluid from the cerebral ventricles, and, if an intracranial hematoma is present, draining the blood collection.[13]

Prognosis [edit]

Prognosis depends on severity and tin range from total recovery to severe inability to death when the injury is astringent.[xiii] One third of these patients dice, one third survives with a major neurological condition, and only one third survives in skilful condition; therefore shaken baby syndrome puts children at risk of long-term inability.[52] [53] The most frequent neurological impairments are learning disabilities, seizure disorders, speech disabilities, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and visual disorders.[28]

Epidemiology [edit]

Pocket-size children are at particularly high take a chance for the corruption that causes SBS given the large divergence in size between the small child and an adult.[12] SBS usually occurs in children nether the age of ii merely may occur in those up to historic period 5.[12]

History [edit]

In 1971, Norman Guthkelch proposed that whiplash injury caused subdural bleeding in infants by vehement the veins in the subdural space.[54] [55] The term "whiplash shaken infant syndrome" was introduced by Dr. John Caffey, a pediatric radiologist, in 1973,[56] describing a set of symptoms constitute with niggling or no external evidence of head trauma, including retinal bleeds and intracranial bleeds with subdural or subarachnoid bleeding or both.[11] Development of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the 1970s and 1980s advanced the ability to diagnose the syndrome.[12]

Legal problems [edit]

The President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST) noted in its September 2016 report that there are concerns regarding the scientific validity of forensic testify of calumniating caput trauma that "require urgent attending".[57] Similarly, the Maguire model, suggested in 2011 as a potential statistical model for determining the probability that a kid's trauma was caused by corruption, has been questioned.[58] A proposed clinical prediction dominion with high sensitivity and depression specificity, to rule out Abusive Head Trauma, has been published.[59]

In July 2005, the Court of Appeals in the United kingdom heard four appeals of SBS convictions: one case was dropped, the sentence was reduced for 1, and two convictions were upheld.[60] The court establish that the classic triad of retinal bleeding, subdural hematoma, and astute encephalopathy are non 100% diagnostic of SBS and that clinical history is also important. In the Courtroom'due south ruling, they upheld the clinical concept of SBS but dismissed ane case and reduced another from murder to manslaughter.[sixty] In their words: "Whilst a strong pointer to NAHI [non-adventitious head injury] on its own nosotros exercise not call back information technology possible to discover that it must automatically and necessarily lead to a diagnosis of NAHI. All the circumstances, including the clinical picture, must be taken into account."[61]

The court invalidated the "unified hypothesis", proposed past British md J. F. Geddes and colleagues, as an alternative machinery for the subdural and retinal haemorrhage establish in suspected cases of SBS.[lx] The unified hypothesis proposed that the bleeding was not acquired past shearing of subdural and retinal veins only rather by cerebral hypoxia, increased intracranial pressure, and increased force per unit area in the brain's blood vessels.[lx] The courtroom reported that "the unified hypothesis [could] no longer exist regarded as a apparent or culling cause of the triad of injuries": subdural haemorrhage, retinal bleeding and encephalopathy due to hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) constitute in suspected SBS.[60]

On January 31, 2008, the Wisconsin Courtroom of Appeals granted Audrey A. Edmunds a new trial based on "competing credible medical opinions in determining whether there is a reasonable doubt equally to Edmunds'due south guilt." Specifically, the appeals court institute that "Edmunds presented evidence that was not discovered until after her conviction, in the form of expert medical testimony, that a meaning and legitimate debate in the medical community has developed in the past ten years over whether infants can be fatally injured through shaking alone, whether an infant may endure head trauma and nonetheless feel a significant lucid interval prior to death, and whether other causes may mimic the symptoms traditionally viewed as indicating shaken baby or shaken impact syndrome."[62] [63]

In 2012, A. Norman Guthkelch, the neurosurgeon often credited with "discovering" the diagnosis of SBS,[64] published an article "after forty years of consideration," which is harshly critical of shaken baby prosecutions based solely on the triad of injuries.[65] Over again, in 2012, Dr. Guthkelch stated in an interview, "I think we need to go back to the drawing board and brand a more thorough assessment of these fatal cases, and I am going to bet . . . that nosotros are going to detect in every - or at least the large majority of cases, the child had some other severe affliction of some sort which was missed until too late."[66] Furthermore, in 2015, Dr. Guthkelch went so far every bit to say, "I was against defining this affair every bit a syndrome in the first instance. To go on and say every time you encounter information technology, it'due south a law-breaking...It became an like shooting fish in a barrel manner to go into jail."[67]

On the other hand, Teri Covington, who runs the National Center for Child Death Review Policy and Exercise, worries that such caution has led to a growing number of cases of child abuse in which the abuser is not punished.[64]

In March 2016, Waney Squier, a paediatric neuropathologist who has served as an expert witness in many shaken baby trials, was struck off the medical register for misconduct.[68] Presently after her conviction, Dr. Squier was given the "champion of justice" honour by the International Innocence Network for her efforts to costless those wrongfully convicted of shaken infant syndrome.[69]

Squier denied the allegations and appealed the determination to strike her off the medical annals.[70] Equally her case was heard past the Loftier Court of England and Wales in Oct 2016, an open letter to the British Medical Periodical questioning the conclusion to strike off Dr. Squier, was signed by 350 doctors, scientists, and attorneys.[71] On iii November 2016, the courtroom published a judgment which concluded that "the determination of the MPT is in many significant respects flawed".[72] The judge establish that she had committed serious professional misconduct only was non quack. She was reinstated to the medical register simply prohibited from giving proficient evidence in courtroom for the next 3 years.[73]

The Louise Woodward example relied on the "shaken baby syndrome".

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j chiliad l m northward o p Shaahinfar, A; Whitelaw, KD; Mansour, KM (June 2015). "Update on calumniating head trauma". Electric current Opinion in Pediatrics. 27 (3): 308–14. doi:x.1097/mop.0000000000000207. PMID 25768258. S2CID 38035821.
  2. ^ a b Avant-garde Pediatric Assessment, 2nd Edition (2 ed.). Springer Publishing Company. 2014. p. 484. ISBN9780826161765. Archived from the original on 2017-eleven-05.
  3. ^ a b c d east f "Preventing Abusive Head Trauma in Children". www.cdc.gov. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d "Consensus Statement: Calumniating Head Trauma in Infants and Young Children". Pediatrics. 142 (2). 2018-08-01. doi:x.1542/peds.2018-1504. ISSN 0031-4005.
  5. ^ a b Maguire, S A; Watts, P O; Shaw, A D; Holden, S; Taylor, R H; Watkins, W J; Mann, M K; Tempest, 5; Kemp, A M (January 2013). "Retinal haemorrhages and related findings in abusive and not-abusive head trauma: a systematic review". Eye. 27 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1038/eye.2012.213. ISSN 0950-222X. PMC3545381. PMID 23079748.
  6. ^ Christian, CW; Block, R (May 2009). "Abusive caput trauma in infants and children". Pediatrics. 123 (5): 1409–xi. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0408. PMID 19403508.
  7. ^ "NINDS Shaken Baby Syndrome information page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2014-02-fourteen. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2008-06-23 .
  8. ^ B.K.Brogdon, Tor Shwayder, Jamie Elifritz Kid Abuse and its Mimics in Peel and Bone
  9. ^ Levin AV (Nov 2010). "Retinal hemorrhage in abusive head trauma". Pediatrics. 126 (v): 961–seventy. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1220. PMID 20921069. S2CID 11456829. Archived from the original on 2014-x-20.
  10. ^ Kempe CH, Silverman FN, Steele BF, Droegemueller Due west, Silvery HK (July 1962). "The battered-child syndrome". JAMA. 181: 17–24. CiteSeerX10.1.1.589.5168. doi:10.1001/jama.1962.03050270019004. PMID 14455086.
  11. ^ a b Caffey J (August 1972). "On the theory and practise of shaking infants. Its potential balance effects of permanent brain harm and mental retardation". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 124 (2): 161–9. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110140011001. PMID 4559532.
  12. ^ a b c d east f thou h i j g American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Kid Abuse and Neglect (July 2001). "Shaken babe syndrome: rotational cranial injuries-technical report". Pediatrics. 108 (1): 206–x. doi:x.1542/peds.108.1.206. PMID 11433079.
  13. ^ a b c d "Shaken Baby Syndrome". Journal of Forensic Nursing. Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2011-04-27 .
  14. ^ a b c d e f Traumatic shaking – The function of the triad in medical investigations of suspected traumatic shaking. www.sbu.se. Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services. 2016-ten-26. pp. 9–15. ISBN978-91-85413-98-0. Archived from the original on 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2017-06-08 .
  15. ^ The Imperial College of Pathologists. "Written report Of A Meeting On The Pathology Of Traumatic Head Injury In Children" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-02.
  16. ^ Findley KA, Barnes PD, Moran DA, Squier W (April 30, 2012). "Shaken Baby Syndrome, Abusive Head Trauma, and Actual Innocence: Getting It Right". Houston Journal of Health Law and Policy. SSRN 2048374.
  17. ^ Squier Westward (2014). ""Shaken Baby Syndrome" and Forensic Pathology". Forensic Scientific discipline, Medicine and Pathology. 10 (2): 248–250. doi:10.1007/s12024-014-9533-z. PMID 24469888. S2CID 41784096.
  18. ^ Bandak FA (2005). "Shaken Babe Syndrome: A biomechanical analysis of injury mechanisms". Forensic Scientific discipline International. 151 (one): 71–79. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.033. PMID 15885948.
  19. ^ Margulies S, Prange M, Myers BS, et al. (Dec 2006). "Shaken infant syndrome: a flawed biomechanical analysis". Forensic Scientific discipline International. 164 (2–3): 278–9, author answer 282–3. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.018. PMID 16436323.
  20. ^ Rangarajan Northward, Shams T (December 2006). "Re: shaken baby syndrome: a biomechanics analysis of injury mechanisms". Forensic Scientific discipline International. 164 (2–3): 280–1, author reply 282–iii. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.017. PMID 16497461.
  21. ^ Bandak F (December 2006). "Response to the Letter to the Editor". Forensic Scientific discipline International. 157 (ane): 282–three. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.01.001. which refers to
    Margulies Southward, Prange M, Myers BS, et al. (December 2006). "Shaken infant syndrome: a flawed biomechanical assay". Forensic Science International. 164 (2–3): 278–ix, author reply 282–3. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.018. PMID 16436323.
  22. ^ Lynøe, Northward; Elinder, Thou; Hallberg, B; Rosén, M; Sundgren, P; Eriksson, A (July 2017). "Insufficient evidence for 'shaken baby syndrome' - a systematic review". Acta Paediatrica. 106 (seven): 1021–1027. doi:10.1111/apa.13760. PMID 28130787.
  23. ^ Greeley, Christopher Spencer (2015). "Abusive Caput Trauma: A Review of the Show Base". American Journal of Roentgenology. 204 (5): 967–973. doi:10.2214/AJR.xiv.14191. PMID 25905929.
  24. ^ Greeley, Christopher Spencer (2014). ""Shaken baby syndrome" and forensic pathology". Forensic Scientific discipline, Medicine, and Pathology. ten (two): 253–255. doi:10.1007/s12024-014-9540-0. PMID 24532195. S2CID 207365843.
  25. ^ Written report questioning shaken baby syndrome seriously unbalanced http://www.aappublications.org/content/36/five/1.ii
  26. ^ "Shaken Baby Syndrome Resources". American Academy of Ophthalmology. Archived from the original on 2006-ten-01.
  27. ^ Zuccoli Thousand; Panigrahy A; Haldipur A; Willaman D; Squires J; Wolford J; Sylvester C; Mitchell E; Lope LA; Nischal KK; Berger RP (Jul 2013). "Susceptibility weighted imaging depicts retinal hemorrhages in abusive head trauma". Neuroradiology. 55 (7): 889–93. doi:10.1007/s00234-013-1180-7. PMC3713254. PMID 23568702.
  28. ^ a b Oral R (August 2003). "Intentional head trauma in infants: Shaken baby syndrome". Virtual Children's Hospital. Archived from the original (Archived) on 2005-02-14. Retrieved 2006-10-09 .
  29. ^ Togioka BM, Arnold MA, Bathurst MA, et al. (2009). "Retinal hemorrhages and shaken baby syndrome: an evidence-based review". J Emerg Med. 37 (ane): 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.06.022. PMID 19081701.
  30. ^ Minns RA, Busuttil A (March 2004). "Patterns of presentation of the shaken baby syndrome: Iv types of inflicted brain injury predominate". BMJ. 328 (7442): 766. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7442.766. PMC381336. PMID 15044297.
  31. ^ Parks, SE; Annest JL; Hill HA; Karch DL (2012). "Pediatric Calumniating Head Trauma: Recommended Definitions for Public Health Surveillance and Inquiry". Archived from the original on 2014-12-08.
  32. ^ Abusive Caput Trauma: A New Proper noun for Shaken Baby Syndrome Archived 2014-xi-03 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Not Adventitious Head Injury Cases (NAHI, formerly referred to as Shaken Baby Syndrome Prosecution Approach Archived December 6, 2013, at the Wayback Motorcar
  34. ^ Narang, Sandeep G. (2011). "A Daubert Analysis of Abusive Caput Trauma/Shaken Infant Syndrome". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1919054. ISSN 1556-5068.
  35. ^ "Shaken Baby Syndrome", SpringerReference, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, retrieved 2022-03-10
  36. ^ Clemetson CAB (July 2004). "Capillary Fragility equally a Cause of Substantial Hemorrhage in Infants" (PDF). Medical Hypotheses and Inquiry. i (2/3): 121–129. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-05-19 .
  37. ^ Johnston, C.S. (1996). "Affiliate 10) The Antihistamine Action of Ascorbic Acid". Ascorbic Acid; Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. Vol. 25. Plenum Press. p. 189. ISBN978-0-306-45148-5.
  38. ^ Majno G, Palade GE, Schoefl GI (December 1961). "STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION : II. The Site of Activeness of Histamine and Serotonin forth the Vascular Tree: A Topographic Study". The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 11 (iii): 607–26. doi:x.1083/jcb.11.3.607. PMC2225127. PMID 14468625.
  39. ^ Fung EL, Nelson EA (December 2004). "Could Vitamin C deficiency accept a role in shaken infant syndrome?". Pediatrics International. 46 (6): 753–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01977.10. PMID 15660885. S2CID 35179068.
  40. ^ Dettman Thousand (March 1978). "Factor "X", sub-clinical scurvy and South.I.D.Due south. Historical. Part i". The Australasian Nurses Journal. 7 (7): ii–5. PMID 418769.
  41. ^ Kalokerinos A, Dettman Chiliad (July 1976). "Sudden death in infancy syndrome in Western Australia". The Medical Journal of Commonwealth of australia. 2 (one): 31–2. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb141561.x. PMID 979792. S2CID 34061797.
  42. ^ Constitute of Medicine (IOM) (1991). "Affiliate 6 Testify Concerning Pertussis Vaccines and Other Illnesses and Conditions -- Protracted Inconsolable Crying and Screaming". Adverse Furnishings of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines. The National Academies Press. p. 165. ISBN978-0-309-04499-8.
  43. ^ Lee RV (1983). "Scurvy: a gimmicky historical perspective". Connecticut Medicine. 47 (10): 629–32, 703–4. PMID 6354581.
  44. ^ Weinstein M; Babyn Phil; Zlotkin S (2001). "An Orangish a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Scurvy in the Year 2000". Pediatrics. 108 (3): e55. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.e55. PMID 11533373.
  45. ^ Rajakumar Thousand (2001). "Infantile Scurvy: A Historical Perspective". Pediatrics. 108 (iv): e76. doi:10.1542/peds.108.4.e76. PMID 11581484.
  46. ^ Binenbaum Yard (2015). "Evaluation of Temporal Association Between Vaccinations and Retinal Hemorrhage in Children". JAMA Ophthalmol. 133 (11): 1261–1265. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.2868. PMC4910821. PMID 26335082. Vaccination injections should not be considered a potential cause of retinal hemorrhage in children, and this unsupported theory should non be accustomed clinically or in legal proceedings.
  47. ^ Cushing H, Goodrich JT (August 2000). "Reprint of "Concerning Surgical Intervention for the Intracranial Hemorrhages of the New-born" past Harvey Cushing, Thou.D. 1905". Child's Nervous Organization. 16 (8): 484–92. doi:x.1007/s003810000255. PMID 11007498. S2CID 37717586.
  48. ^ Williams Obstetrics (1997). "Chapter 20". Diseases and Injuries of the Fetus and Newborn. Vol. 20. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT. pp. 997–998. ISBN978-0-8385-9638-8.
  49. ^ Williams Obstetrics (2005). "Chapter 29". Diseases and Injuries of the Fetus and Newborn. Vol. 22. McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 649–691. ISBN978-0-07-141315-2.
  50. ^ Looney CB, Smith JK, Merck LH, et al. (Feb 2007). "Intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic neonates: prevalence on MR images and human relationship to obstetric and neonatal adventure factors". Radiology. 242 (2): 535–41. doi:ten.1148/radiol.2422060133. PMID 17179400.
  51. ^ Allen KA (2014). "The neonatal nurse's role in preventing abusive head trauma". Advances in Neonatal Care (Review). 14 (5): 336–42. doi:10.1097/ANC.0000000000000117. PMC4139928. PMID 25137601.
  52. ^ Perkins, Suzanne. (2012). An Ecological Perspective on the Comorbidity of Childhood Violence Exposure and Disabilities: Focus on the Ecology of the Schoolhouse. Psychology of Violence. two. 75-89. x.1037/a0026137.
  53. ^ Keenan Heather T, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, Nocera MA, & Merten DF (2004). A population-based comparison of clinical and consequence characteristics of young children with serious inflicted and noninflicted traumatic encephalon injury Pediatrics, 114(three), 633–639. [PubMed: 15342832]
  54. ^ David TJ (November 1999). "Shaken baby (shaken bear on) syndrome: non-accidental head injury in infancy". Journal of the Royal Social club of Medicine. 92 (11): 556–61. doi:ten.1177/014107689909201105. PMC1297429. PMID 10703491.
  55. ^ Integrity in Science: The Case of Dr Norman Guthkelch, 'Shaken Baby Syndrome' and Miscarriages of Justice By Dr Lynne Wrennall Archived 2015-03-09 at the Wayback Automobile
  56. ^ Caffey, John (October 1974). "The Whiplash Shaken Infant Syndrome: Manual Shaking by the Extremities with Whiplash-Induced Intracranial and Intraocular Bleedings, Linked with Residual Permanent Brain Harm and Mental Retardation". Pediatrics. 54 (4): 396–403. PMID 4416579. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2011-04-30 .
  57. ^ Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature-Comparison Methods (p. 23) "Archived re-create" (PDF). Part of Science and Engineering Policy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-twenty. Retrieved 2016-12-31 – via National Archives. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  58. ^ Cuellar Thou. Causal reasoning and information assay: Issues with the calumniating head trauma diagnosis. Police force, Probability and Hazard, 2017; 16(4): 223–239. doi:x.1093/lpr/mgx011
  59. ^ Pfeiffer H, et al. External Validation of the PediBIRN Clinical Prediction Rule of Abusive Head Trauma. Pediatrics, 2018; 141(5): e20173674. doi:x.1542/peds.2017-3674
  60. ^ a b c d e De Leeuw M, Jacobs Westward (2007). "Shaken baby syndrome: The classical clinical triad is still valid in contempo courtroom rulings". Disquisitional Care. 11 (Supplement 2): 416. doi:10.1186/cc5576. PMC4095469.
  61. ^ "Shaken baby convictions overturned". Special Reports. Guardian Unlimited. July 21, 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-15 .
  62. ^ "Court of Appeals decision - State of Wisconsin v. Audrey A. Edmonds". Wisconsin Court Opinions. Findlaw. January 31, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-25 .
  63. ^ Keith A. Findley Co‐Director, Wisconsin Innocence Project Clinical Professor, University of Wisconsin Law School Litigating Postconviction Challenges to Shaken Baby Syndrome Convictions Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ^ a b "Rethinking Shaken Baby Syndrome". Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2015-05-30 .
  65. ^ "Archived re-create" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-07. Retrieved 2013-01-xv . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as title (link)
  66. ^ "Conversations with Dr. A. Norman Guthkelch". 2014-08-xx. Archived from the original on 2014-09-19. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
  67. ^ "The Nanny Murder Trial: Retro Report Voices: The Lawyer". New York Times. Archived from the original on xv September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  68. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-04-04 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  69. ^ Oxford doctor Waney Squire vows to fight suspension over 'shaken babe' trial evidence "Oxford doctor struck off over evidence in 'shaken baby' court cases vows to fight suspension". Archived from the original on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-05-06 .
  70. ^ "Shaken baby sceptic begins appeal", BBC News, BBC, 2016-x-18, archived from the original on 2016-10-25, retrieved 2016-10-24
  71. ^ Sweeney, John (17 October 2016), Should Waney Squier accept been struck off over shaken baby syndrome?, BBC, archived from the original on 2016-ten-25, retrieved 2016-10-24
  72. ^ "Case No: CO/2061/2016 Approved Judgement" (PDF). iii November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-04 .
  73. ^ "Shaken babe evidence medico reinstated". BBC News. BBC. 3 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-04 .

External links [edit]

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Abusive caput trauma

lynchaftiltake.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome

You may like these posts

Post a Comment for "Chances of a Baby Surving Having Been Shaken"