Baby Freshwater Fish With Big Eyes and Blue Vertical Stripes in Ohio

March 14, 2022 Post a Comment

Species of fish

Pacific blue-eye

Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)^[i]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Gild:	Atheriniformes
Family:	Melanotaeniidae
Genus:	Pseudomugil
Species:	P. signifer
Binomial name
*Pseudomugil signifer* Kner, 1866

subspecies signifer (dark blue) subspecies signata (lite bluish)
Synonyms
Atherina signata Günther, 1867 Pseudomugil signata (Günther, 1867) Atherinosoma jamesonii Macleay, 1884

The Pacific blue-eye (Pseudomugil signifer) is a species of fish in the subfamily Pseudomugilinae native to eastern Australia. Described past Austrian naturalist Rudolf Kner in 1866, information technology comprises two subspecies that have been regarded as separate species in the by and may be once again with further study. Information technology is a common fish of rivers and estuaries forth the eastern seaboard from Cape York in North Queensland to southern New South Wales, the Burdekin Gap in key-northward Queensland dividing the ranges of the two subspecies.

A small silvery fish averaging effectually 3.25 cm in total length (1+ 1⁄8 –1+ three⁄8 in), the Pacific bluish-eye is recognisable by its blue center-band and two dorsal fins. It forms loose schools of tens to thousands of individuals. Information technology eats h2o-borne insects too every bit flight insects that land on the water'south surface, foraging for them by sight. The Pacific bluish-eye adapts readily to captivity.

Taxonomy [edit]

Austrian naturalist Rudolf Kner described the species in 1866,^[2] from a specimen collected in Sydney in 1858 during the class of the Novara Expedition and taken to Vienna past the SMS Novara.^[3] German–British zoologist Albert Günther described Atherina signata from collections in Cape York in 1867.^[4] British entomologist William Sharp Macleay named a "curious little fish" nerveless from the Bremer River, a tributary of the Brisbane River, by one Mr Jameson of Ipswich, Atherinosoma jamesonii in 1884; it was later classified equally the aforementioned species by Australian ichthyologist James Douglas Ogilby in 1908.^[3] Variable across its range, the Pacific bluish-centre is considered to be a single species, though it has been split past some into northern signata and southern signifer, with the former found from Ross River northwards and the southern from the Calliope River. The division occurs at a biogeographic bulwark known as the Burdekin Gap.^[4] In their 1919 monograph of the family Atherinidae, David Starr Jordan and Carl Leavitt Hubbs maintained the two as separate species—P. signifer and P. signata—based on the number of rays in the dorsal fins and differences in the filaments of males.^[5] Gilbert Whitley examined the species from the Low Isles off Cairns and maintained them every bit separate in 1935. In 1979, Hadfield and colleagues analysed the two species and felt that the variations within both species were greater than those between them and that no characteristics permit people to distinguish either species. Hence, they recommended combining the species again.^[6] However, a 2002^[7] and a further 2004 molecular study showed the two populations were genetically distinct and suggested that they may be once more reclassified every bit species.^[8] Species from the northern and southern extremes of the range do not appear to interbreed in hostile surroundings, suggesting that at that place may be two separate species inside the electric current concept of the species.^[9] Alternative names include southern blue-center and northern bluish-eye.^[10]

Within the northern population, five distinct lineages (or subclades) have been identified: one from Ross River and Herbert River, a second from Johnstone, Barron and Tully Rivers, a third from Mulgrave/Russell River and Trinity Inlet, a fourth from Daintree and Mossman Rivers and a 5th from Depression Isles and Cape Melville. Four subclades take been identified in the southern population: the first from the Don, Calliope, Pioneer and Kolan Rivers, the second from Burnett and Mary Rivers, the third from Pine River and the fourth from Clarence River southwards.^[4]

Clarification [edit]

Pacific blueish-eyes (Pseudomugil signifer) showing anatomy and differences of sex

The Pacific blue-eye generally reaches a total length of effectually 3–3.5 cm (i+ one⁄8 –one+ three⁄viii in) long; males can reach viii.8 cm (3+ ane⁄two in) and females six.iii cm (two+ one⁄2 in).^[4] The size of Pacific bluish-eyes found north of the Burdekin Gap increases directly with distance from the gap, males and females being the same size. South of the Burdekin Gap, the species exhibits marked size difference between sexes, which becomes more pronounced as the distance from the gap increases.^[eleven] The elongate body is partly transparent and pale yellowish or olive with a silvery operculum and belly. The scales are relatively large and longer vertically than horizontally. The middle is large and has a blue iris. There are two dorsal fins, the first arising in line with or just posterior to the longest pectoral fin ray. The forked tail fin has rounded tips. The bottom and elevation edges of the tail fin are edged with white.^[4] The male has extended filaments on its dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins. There are black markings at the base of the anterior rays of the anal and rear dorsal fins, and the front (inductive edge) is sometimes white and the rear (posterior) edge greyish in colour. The male's fins may turn orange during the breeding season.^[4] Preserved specimens generally discolour to xanthous or tan.^[4] The Pacific blue-eye tin can exist distinguished from the highly invasive and noxious introduced eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) past its forked tail fin.^[12]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

The Pacific blueish-eye is found from Narooma in southern New South Wales due north to the Rocky River in Cape York, though it is uncommon in eastern Cape York. Information technology lives in small, mostly irksome-moving, streams to estuaries, likewise every bit dune lagoons and common salt marshes. It is also found in brackish and marine waters on some Queensland offshore islands such equally Hinchinbrook Island, Lizard Island, Depression Island, and Dunk Island. Information technology has been recorded as far equally 300 km (185 mi) upstream in the Mary and Dawson Rivers in Queensland. Numbers can be prolific in some locations, such as the Mary River. Conversely, it is uncommon in the Elliott and Kolan Rivers. Fish species it is unremarkably establish with include Marjorie's hardyhead (Craterocephalus marjoriae), cherry-spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia duboulayi), Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) and western carp gudgeon (Hypseleotris klunzingeri).^[4]

In the wet tropics, the Pacific blueish-centre is more often than not constitute in streams flowing upward to xxx cm (12 in) per 2nd, or rarely xc cm (35 in) per 2nd. Within fast-flowing areas, it shelters in areas of slower-moving water—less than 20 cm (8 in) per second—sometimes in the lower half of the water column or in the lee of underwater rocks. Farther south in southeastern Queensland it is generally found in water flowing more slowly than 10 cm (iv in) per second.^[4] It can besides be found in tidal pools that become isolated from rivers at low tide.^[13] The Pacific blue-eye besides forages in mangroves; a field study in the waters around Hinchinbrook Island and near Ingham on mainland Queensland nearby institute that the species entered mangroves with the incoming tide as soon every bit the water was deep enough to swim in just left once again an hour later every bit they kept to areas of shallow water.^[14] A field study in ii lakes polluted past coal mine runoff in central Queensland institute that the Pacific bluish-eye was more resistant than tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) to adverse health effects. The fish species did not suffer acutely merely showed markers of compromised health in the long term.^[xv]

Behaviour [edit]

The Pacific blue-eye is found in loose schools of tens to thousands of fish. They are more often than not found in the middle to upper water column within ane metre (iii ft) of the riverbank and oft close to underwater cover.^[4] The Pacific bluish-eye is euryhaline—it can survive in a broad range of water salinities from fresh-water to marine environments. Information technology responds to changes in salinity (and the resulting change in buoyancy) past changing the volume of its swim float, which takes upwards to 6 hours and xl minutes when salinity is reduced and around five hours when it is increased. In the meantime, the fish can swim with a head-up or head-down posture, which either increases or decreases buoyancy respectively. This accommodation helps the fish in the range of salinities it encounters in its estuarine environs.^[xvi]

In a school of Pacific blue-eyes that is threatened, a few individuals accelerate and change direction, which initiates an escape wave that spreads through the whole cohort.^[17] Animals are known to dart in random directions and speeds every bit an escape response when threatened. Pacific bluish-eyes on their own dart in this manner for up to x seconds after existence faced with a threat at shut range. This period is briefer when faced with more distant threats or for fish in schools.^[18]

Breeding [edit]

Female Pacific bluish-eyes are sexually mature at six months of historic period or when they have reached ii.iii cm ( seven⁄8 in) in standard length. Males are mature at 2.8 cm (i+ 1⁄eight in) standard length.^[iv] A study published in 2003 showed that males will preferentially cull larger females—who are more fecund as a dominion—unless more free energy is required to practice and then, such as swimming farther confronting a current.^[19] Fish can breed in fresh and saltwater. The life span of the species is around 1–2 years in the wild, and around 2–three years in aquariums, though some males may reach 4 years of age.^[4] In an aquarium, Pacific blue-eyes spawn in gravel or moss at the base of aquatic plants.^[4] An experiment housing Pacific blue-eyes and mosquitofish together showed that the growth and breeding of the sometime fish were severely affected past the presence of the latter. The machinery was unclear—there were some signs of direct aggression (bite marks on fins of Pacific blue-eyes) but stress from contact was thought to be a major factor.^[20]

Feeding [edit]

The nutrition consists of water-based and terrestrial insects, flight insects, such as various types of wing, and, to a lesser extent, tiny crustaceans and algae.^[4] Field piece of work on Narrabeen Lakes showed that Pacific blueish-eyes spent time near the surface looking for dead flying insects, consuming anything below their oral cavity gape size. This varied from around two.v to iii.5 mm, and was proportional to the length of the fish. The Pacific bluish-eye forages using vision, and the turbidity of the water affects its ability to discover food.^[21]

References [edit]

^ Butler, Thousand.; Brooks, S. (2019). "Pseudomugil signifer". IUCN Ruby Listing of Threatened Species. 2019: east.T123358376A123382746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T123358376A123382746.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Kner, Rudolf (1866). "Specielles Verzeichniss der während der Reise der kaiserlichen Fregatte "Novara" gesammelten Fische. 3. und Schlussabtheilung" (PDF). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften (in German). 53: 543–50.
^ ^a ^b Saunders, Brian (2012). Discovery of Australia'south Fishes: A History of Australian Ichthyology to 1930. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 213. ISBN978-0643106727.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^east ^f ^thousand ^h ⁱ ^j ^m ^l ^m ⁿ Pusey, Brad; Kennard, Mark; Arthington, Angela, eds. (2004). Freshwater Fishes of Due north-Eastern Commonwealth of australia. Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. pp. 254–68. ISBN978-0643098954.
^ Jordan, David Starr; Hubbs, Carl Leavitt (1919). Studies in ichthyology; a monographic review of the family of Atherinidae or silversides. Vol. 40. Stanford, California: Stanford Academy. p. 28.
^ Hadfield, A.J.; Ivantsoff, V.; Johnson, P.K. (1979). "Clinal variation in electrophoretic and morphological characters between two nominal species of the genus Pseudomugil (Pisces : Atheriniformes : Pseudomugilidae)". Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 30 (3): 375–86. doi:10.1071/MF9790375.
^ McGlashan, Dugald J.; Hughes, Jane M. (2002). "Extensive genetic divergence among populations of the Australian freshwater fish, Pseudomugil signifer (Pseudomugilidae), at dissimilar hierarchical scales". Marine and Freshwater Research. 53 (5): 897. doi:x.1071/MF01107. ISSN 1323-1650.
^ Wong, B.B.Thou. (Bob); Keogh, J.Scott; McGlashan, Dugald J. (2004). "Current and historical patterns of drainage connectivity in eastern Commonwealth of australia inferred from population genetic structuring in a widespread freshwater fish Pseudomugil signifer (Pseudomugilidae)" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. xiii (2): 391–401. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02085.x. PMID 14717894. S2CID 801561. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-06 .
^ Tappin, Adrian R. (May 2013). "Pseudomugil signifer". Habitation of the Rainbowfish. ANGFA Queensland. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
^ McGrouther, Marker (30 June 2014). "Pacific Blue Eye, Pseudomugil signifer Kner, 1865". Nature, Culture, Discover. Australian Museum. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
^ Kelly, Clint D.; Folinsbee, Kaila E.; Adams, Dean C.; Jennions, Michael D. (2013). "Intraspecific sexual size and shape dimorphism in an Australian freshwater fish differs with respect to a biogeographic barrier and latitude" (PDF). Evolutionary Biology. 40 (3): 408–nineteen. doi:x.1007/s11692-013-9224-9. S2CID 17321189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-18.
^ New Due south Wales Department of Primary Industries (2017). "Eastern gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki)". Fishing and Aquaculture. New South Wales Authorities. Retrieved 4 Apr 2015.
^ Davis, Ben; Baker, Ronald; Sheaves, Marcus; Baker, Ronald (2014). "Seascape and metacommunity processes regulate fish aggregation structure in coastal wetlands". Marine Environmental Progress Serial. 500: 187–202. Bibcode:2014MEPS..500..187D. doi:10.3354/meps10680. S2CID 53611821.
^ Sheaves, Marcus; Johnston, Ross; Bakery, Ronald (2016). "Utilize of mangroves by fish: new insights from in‑woods videos". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 549: 167–82. Bibcode:2016MEPS..549..167S. doi:ten.3354/meps11690. S2CID 53590455.
^ Lanctôt, C.; Wilson, S.P.; Fabbro, 50.; Leusch, F.D.L.; Melvin, S.D. (2016). "Comparative sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species to wastewater from an operational coal mine in central Queensland, Australia". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Condom. 129: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.003. PMID 26970880.
^ Gee, John H. (1988). "Pacific bluish-center Pseudomugil signifer Kner (Pisces : Melanotaeniidae) maintains buoyancy in varying salinities by altering swimbladder volume". Periodical of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 120 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(88)90082-2.
^ Herbert-Read, J.E.; Buhl, J.; Hu, F.; Ward, A.J.; Sumpter, D.J. (2015). "Initiation and spread of escape waves within creature groups". Royal Society Open Science. two (4): 140355. arXiv:1409.6750. Bibcode:2015RSOS....240355H. doi:10.1098/rsos.140355. PMC4448869. PMID 26064630.
^ Herbert-Read, J.Eastward.; Ward, A.J.; Sumpter, D.J.; Mann, R.P. (2017). "Escape path complexity and its context dependency in Pacific blueish-optics (Pseudomugil signifer)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 220 (Pt eleven): jeb–154534. arXiv:1502.07793. Bibcode:2015arXiv150207793H. doi:10.1242/jeb.154534. PMID 28348040. S2CID 17511802.
^ Wong, Bob B. M.; Jennions, Michael D. (2003). "Costs influence male person mate choice in a freshwater fish". Proceedings of the Imperial Society of London B. 270 (Suppl. 1): S36–S38. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0003. PMC1698014. PMID 12952630.
^ Howe, Effie; Howe, Christopher; Lim, Richard; Burchett, Margaret (1997). "Bear upon of the introduced poeciliid Gambusia holbrooki (Girard, 1859) on the growth and reproduction of Pseudomugil signifer (Kner, 1865) in Australia". Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 48 (five): 425–34. doi:10.1071/MF96114.
^ Booth, D.J.; Pyke, G.H.; Lanzing, Due west.J.R. (1985). "Prey detection by the blueish-eye Pseudomugil signifer Kner (Atherinidae): analysis of field behaviour by controlled laboratory experiments". Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 36 (5): 691–99. doi:x.1071/MF9850691.